Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than what one might expect.
The country is in search of an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is emerging.
Origins
During prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and produced furs. These people formed tribal states one after another in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools, and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon paper making, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society with a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and sometimes required them to join the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
At the close of the period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and was the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian thinking into its state belief system and made the male centered filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the guise of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all, including their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 until 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This significantly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. The earliest evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious objects such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from massive single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. 에볼루션바카라사이트 of the peninsula was occupied for a period by the Balhae Kingdom that historians do consider to be a genuine Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea is entering the post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. People who are shocked by the cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by stoking fears of job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is influenced by these two trends. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies important factors that appear to be shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this segment. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one-third of respondents were against evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs. 17 percent said they didn't understand it. The level of doubt is similar to the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, most of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. The event attracted an audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event resulted in the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised funds and received funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches, which hold seminars and provide talks to school children and community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. At this time the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and other instruments of music.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The main challenge for the new regime is the balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established in the middle of the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other areas, and people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.