Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist tendencies. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.
The country is seeking an entirely new model of development. A Confucian culture that values respect for ancestors and gendered family relations continues to influence society. There are indications of a secularist culture trend emerging.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock and also made furs. They established tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan and also art styles as well as a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. This state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time the people of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and senior officials were from the land aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens, and often required them to fight in the army or work on government projects such as building fortifications.
At the close of this period the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew into the southwest region of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje included elements of Confucian beliefs into its official belief system and made the male-centric concept of filiopiety an official doctrine in 1390 CE. Under the cover of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected even by their grandchildren and children.
Goryeo, who would rule from 918 until 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves lined with stone, and decorated with precious objects like amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens and constructed of large stones in a single piece, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. After that, the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states in the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to cooperate to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the cost of the old systems advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to protect it by promoting nationalist sentiments and by stoking fears of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain in a tense debate about the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article examines the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development including democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also highlights important factors that appear to be influencing these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views to this group. A survey in 2009 revealed that almost a third of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution 39% of respondents said that the theory did not align with their beliefs; and 17% said it was difficult to comprehend. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant increase in interest in creation science began in 1980, with an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. This event was attended by a large audience of scientists, professors and church leaders.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and received wide attention.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the nation in universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, enough students were interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the money and support needed to build an on-campus museum showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers subjects in the creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. Similar to the way traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern jazz and rock and roll. During this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring, or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo the prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders on the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. mouse click the up coming internet site ruled a portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However, his rule was short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as a successor state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was later controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.